An anal fistula may sound frightening, but it's actually quite common, and many people don't even realize it. It usually begins as an infection or abscess in the anal area, then develops into a channel connecting the inside of the anus to the outer skin.
The problem is, many people choose to remain silent out of embarrassment or consider it trivial. However, if left untreated, anal fistulas can lead to far more troublesome complications. Let's learn more about them before it's too late!
What is an anal fistula?
An anal fistula is a small, abnormal passageway connecting the inside of the rectum or anus to the surrounding skin. This condition usually occurs due to an anal gland infection or an abscess (a pus-filled sac) that doesn't heal properly.
Some common symptoms include anal pain, discharge of fluid or pus from a small hole in the skin around the anus, swelling, and skin irritation or redness. If left untreated, symptoms can become increasingly bothersome, so it's important to recognize them early.
Symptoms of Anal Fistula
Symptoms of anal fistula can vary, but some of the most common signs include:
- Pain in the anal area , especially when sitting, moving, or having a bowel movement.
- Discharge of fluid, pus, or blood from a small hole in the skin around the anus.
- A painful lump or swelling around the anus.
- Irritation or redness of the skin due to continuous discharge of fluid.
- Bad odor from the anal area due to infection.
- Fever , especially if the infection is active.
- Discomfort or wetness in the anal area.
If these symptoms appear, you should immediately see a doctor to get proper treatment.
Why Does Anal Fistula Need to Be Treated Immediately?
Anal fistulas don't heal on their own; they require medical treatment to close the tract and resolve the infection. If left untreated for too long, the inflammation can worsen, and the fistula tract can widen or branch, making treatment more complex.
Furthermore, delaying treatment increases the risk of recurrent infections, persistent pus discharge, and even tissue damage around the anus. Therefore, the sooner an anal fistula is treated, the greater the chance of a complication-free recovery.
Dangers and Complications of Anal Fistula if Left Untreated
If an anal fistula isn't treated early, it can develop into a much more serious problem. Here are some risks you should be aware of:
1. Recurrent Infection
Pus can continue to form, causing pain, fever, and recurring discomfort.
2. Formation of New Channels
Fistulas can branch and form additional pathways, making the treatment process more difficult and complex.
3. Defecation Control Disorders (Incontinence)
Prolonged inflammation can damage the anal sphincter muscles, making it difficult for sufferers to control bowel movements.
4. Chronic Scarring and Swelling
The area around the anus can experience long-term swelling and scar tissue formation that interferes with comfort.
5. Cancer Risk (Rare, but Possible)
Chronic fistulas that are not treated for a long time can turn into cancer in the tissue around the anus.
Given these complications, early medical treatment is crucial to prevent worsening and reduce long-term risks.
How to Treat and Prevent Anal Fistula Complications
Treating an anal fistula requires the right steps, from medical treatment to daily habits that support healing. Here are some steps you can take:
1. Primary Medical Treatment: Surgery
Anal fistulas generally require surgery, such as a fistulotomy or another technique chosen by the doctor based on the location and severity of the fistula. A fistulotomy involves opening and cleaning the fistula tract to allow new tissue to grow, hopefully closing the fistula.
2. Maintain the cleanliness of the anal area
Regular and proper cleaning of the anal area can help reduce the risk of irritation and infection. Avoid prolonged sitting to reduce pressure on the sensitive area.
3. Consume High Fiber Foods
Eating fruits, vegetables, and other sources of fiber helps prevent constipation. Regular bowel movements reduce pressure on the anus, making the healing process more comfortable.
4. Check with a doctor if early symptoms appear.
Don't delay getting checked if you experience pain, swelling, or discharge from the anus. Early detection can prevent the condition from progressing to more serious conditions.
Proper care and simple habit changes can make the healing process faster, more effective, and reduce the risk of complications and increase the chances of optimal healing.
Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent anal fistulas from developing into more serious complications. Prompt and appropriate treatment is expected to improve recovery and reduce the risk of tissue damage in the anal area.
If you begin to experience symptoms such as pain, swelling, or discharge from the anus, don't hesitate to consult a medical professional immediately. Delaying treatment will only worsen the condition; it's better to act early for your long-term health.
Article written by Dr. Bobby Sugiharto, Sp.B, FINACS (General Surgery Specialist, EMC Alam Sutera Hospital).