Until now, discussions about reproductive health have often focused on women. However, male fertility also plays a crucial role in a couple's success in conceiving children. Many men only realize the importance of reproductive health after experiencing problems or receiving a specific diagnosis. This illustrates that fertility issues are still synonymous with women in society.
In fact, both husband and wife play an equal role in the pregnancy process. This means that if a woman's fertility is being assessed, a man's fertility also deserves equal attention.
Causes of Male Fertility Disorders
Fertility issues can affect men and contribute to couples' difficulty conceiving. These issues can be caused by a variety of conditions, ranging from physical abnormalities to infections.
1. Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testicles)
In normal males, there are two testicles and they are located in the scrotum. However, in some conditions, the testicles do not develop or descend properly. This condition is called cryptorchidism.
If not treated from childhood, testicular development can be disrupted and have an impact on reduced fertility quality in adulthood.
2. Hormonal, Genetic, and Chromosomal Disorders
Hormonal imbalances, genetic disorders, and even chromosomal abnormalities are also causes of male infertility. These conditions can affect testosterone production and sperm formation.
3. Mumps Virus Infection
The mumps virus infection usually attacks the parotid glands in the neck and causes mumps. However, in some cases, the virus spreads to the testicles and damages the tissue from within.
This infection can cause:
- Swelling of the testicles
- Network damage
- Decreased sperm quality and quantity
This is becoming more common because the mumps vaccine is not a mandatory vaccine, so many children do not receive optimal protection.
4. Other Diseases: Hernia and Varicocele
Hernias and varicoceles (enlarged veins in the scrotum) can also affect sperm quality and testicular function.
The Influence of Lifestyle on Male Fertility
Lifestyle is one of the main factors contributing to decreased male fertility. Some common habits include:
1. Obesity
Being overweight can disrupt hormonal balance, thus affecting sperm production.
2. Irregular Sleep Patterns
Lack of sleep can cause a decrease in testosterone hormone which leads to a decrease in sperm quality.
3. Smoking
Smoking is one of the biggest factors that reduces hormonal function and sperm quality.
4. Excessive Coffee Consumption
A cup of coffee a day is still safe. However, research shows that consuming more than two cups per day (approximately 200 cc) can interfere with sperm motility.
Does a Muscular Man Mean He's Fertile?
Body shape doesn't always reflect fertility. Many men who exercise regularly and have muscular bodies actually experience decreased sperm quality.
This usually occurs because they use steroids or testosterone injections to build muscle. Administering testosterone externally can:
- Reduces natural testosterone production
- Disrupts sperm production
- Causes infertility
Maintaining male reproductive health and fertility is not only important for pregnancy planning, but also for overall health. Start with simple steps like adjusting your lifestyle, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting caffeine consumption, and quitting smoking. Small changes can have a big impact on sperm quality and hormonal function.
However, remember, if you begin to experience reproductive issues or have been trying unsuccessfully for a long time to conceive, don't hesitate to see a doctor. Early examination helps identify the cause and determine the appropriate treatment. Fertility isn't just a woman's concern; men also need to actively maintain and monitor their health.
This article is based on the Healthy Monday program, a collaboration between EMC Healthcare and Liputan6, with Dr. Gideon FP Tampubolon, Sp.U as the resource person. (Urology Surgeon Specialist, EMC Grha Kedoya Hospital) & Dr. Isaac Ardianson Deswanto, BMedSc, SpU, FICS (Urology Surgery Specialist Doctor, EMC Alam Sutera & Tangerang Hospital).