Scoliosis is a spinal condition that causes an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine. Although initially mild or without obvious symptoms, untreated scoliosis can significantly impact a person's quality of life. Complications ranging from pain and postural issues to breathing problems can be serious.
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In this article, we will discuss in more depth what scoliosis is, its symptoms, common causes, prevention methods, and treatment steps.
What is Scoliosis?
Medically, scoliosis is a condition in which the spine forms an abnormal sideways curve, resembling the letter "S" or "C." Normally, the human spine has a slight forward and backward curve, but remains straight when viewed from behind. In people with scoliosis, this curve is significantly to the right or left.
Scoliosis can occur at any age, but it is most common in children and adolescents, especially around puberty. Women are at greater risk of developing scoliosis than men.
Symptoms of Scoliosis
Symptoms of scoliosis can vary, depending on its severity. Some common signs to recognize include:
- One shoulder appears higher than the other
- Protruding shoulder blades
- Pelvic misalignment
- One side of the ribs appears more prominent when bending over.
- Body posture appears to be tilted to one side
- Back pain or muscle fatigue, especially after standing or sitting for long periods
- In severe cases, respiratory problems can occur due to pressure on the lungs.
Causes of Scoliosis
Scoliosis can occur due to various factors. Based on the cause, scoliosis is divided into several types:
- Idiopathic
This is the most common type of scoliosis (about 80% of cases), and its exact cause is unknown. It usually appears during adolescence.
- Congenital
Occurs from birth due to imperfect development of the spine while in the womb.
- Neuromuscular
Caused by nerve and muscle disorders, such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, or spina bifida.
- Degenerative
Occurs in adults, usually due to spinal damage due to age, osteoarthritis, or spinal injury.
Complications that Can Occur
If not treated properly, scoliosis can cause long-term complications such as:
- Chronic pain : due to unbalanced pressure on muscles and joints.
- Respiratory disorders : when the curvature of the spine presses on the lungs.
- Appearance and self-confidence problems : especially in teenagers.
- Limitations of physical activity : due to pain and muscle weakness.
How to Prevent Scoliosis
Although not all types of scoliosis can be prevented, especially those that are idiopathic or congenital, there are several steps that can be taken to reduce the risk or prevent the severity of scoliosis:
- Pay Attention to Body Posture
Get into the habit of sitting and standing with an upright posture. Avoid slouching or leaning your weight on one side for too long.
- Use Your Backpack Correctly
Make sure your child's school bag is not too heavy and is always worn on both shoulders, not just one shoulder.
- Exercise Regularly
Physical activities such as swimming, yoga, or back exercises can help strengthen the muscles that support the spine.
- Routine Checkups for Children
Perform regular spinal examinations, especially during childhood growth. Early detection is crucial for more effective treatment.
- Good Nutrition
Consume foods rich in calcium and vitamin D to maintain bone health from an early age.
Scoliosis Treatment
Scoliosis treatment depends heavily on the patient's age, the severity of the curvature, and the type of scoliosis. Here are some treatment options:
- Routine Monitoring
If the scoliosis is still mild (curve <20 degrees), the doctor will usually only perform periodic observations. This is done to see if the curvature worsens over time.
- Physiotherapy and Special Exercises
Physical therapy aims to strengthen back muscles, increase flexibility, and improve posture. Several popular methods, such as the Schroth Method or SEAS (Scientific Exercise Approach to Scoliosis), have been shown to help slow the progression of scoliosis.
- Use of Braces
Braces are recommended for growing children or adolescents with a curve of 25–40 degrees. Braces don't cure scoliosis, but they can prevent the curve from getting worse.
- Surgery (Spinal Fusion)
In severe cases (curves >45–50 degrees), your doctor may recommend spinal fusion surgery to correct the spine and prevent the curve from worsening. Surgery is usually performed if the scoliosis causes severe pain, impaired lung function, or serious posture problems.
Scoliosis is often considered a minor condition, but its consequences can be significant if ignored. Early detection and appropriate treatment are crucial to prevent serious complications in the future. If you or your child experience any signs of scoliosis, consult a medical professional immediately for the best possible examination and advice.
Article written by Dr. I Made Buddy Setiawan, M.Biomed, Sp.OT(K)Spine (Orthopedic & Traumatology Specialist, Spine Consultant at EMC Cikarang, Pekayon & Sentul Hospital).