Recently, the term "narcissistic" has been increasingly used in everyday communication, especially on social media. Someone who frequently displays self-confidence or frequently boasts about their accomplishments is often labeled as "narcissistic."
Self-confidence and narcissism are not the same thing. Self-confidence is an important aspect of a person's personality, while Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) refers to a personality disorder classified as a Cluster B Personality Disorder.
This misconception is important to clarify because NPD is not simply a trait or characteristic inherent in a person. It is also a psychological disorder with specific medical criteria.
What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)?
Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a recurring pattern of grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy. Individuals with NPD tend to have a self-focused and attention-seeking coping style. They often use defense mechanisms such as projection and idealization to maintain a positive self-image. Having NPD means a person has a high urgency to impress others and feel important. However, this strong desire can lead to dangerous behaviors that are detrimental to themselves and those around them.
Although people commonly associate the term "narcissism" with physical appearance, as in the myth, NPD is not just about looks. NPD can also involve other traits or abilities of an individual, such as intelligence, charisma, artistic skill, athletic ability, wealth, power, success, and more.
According to the DSM-5-TR, NPD (Narcissistic Personality Disorder) is a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy. Sufferers feel superior, are manipulative, and crave validation, often exploiting others for their own image.
Treatment for NPD can be challenging because individuals with the disorder are often unaware of their problem. Psychological therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), can help individuals with NPD develop better social skills, manage emotions, and change unhealthy thought patterns.
The cause of NPD is not yet known, but several factors that play a role include:
- Parenting patterns in childhood
- Psychological trauma
- Environmental and social factors
- Possible genetic factors
What Is Healthy Self-Confidence?
Healthy self-esteem is the ability to realistically recognize and appreciate one's own worth without feeling superior to others. This attitude is an essential foundation for maintaining mental health because it helps one cope with life's challenges, make confident decisions, and build positive social relationships. Unlike NPD, healthy self-esteem stems from self-awareness and empathy for others.
Characteristics of Healthy Self-Confidence
On the other hand, healthy self-confidence is manifested in a balanced attitude between self-esteem and respect for others, so that it has the following characteristics:
- Believe in your own abilities without putting others down.
- Criticism can be accepted and used as evaluation material.
- Doesn't need praise or recognition from others.
- Have empathy and respect other people's opinions.
- Admit your own mistakes or shortcomings.
Can NPD Be Treated?
NPD is a personality disorder that can be treated professionally. Some commonly used methods include:
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) helps change negative thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
- Psychotherapy helps understand mental disorders, emotions, and interpersonal relationships.
- Schema Therapy focuses on unfulfilled emotional patterns that form negative life patterns.
- Medications are given if there are other conditions such as depression or anxiety.
When Should You Consult a Doctor?
Consultation with a professional such as a mental health specialist, psychiatrist, or psychologist is recommended when behaviors suggestive of Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) begin to cause recurring conflict in relationships, whether with family, partners, or coworkers. Furthermore, if these behaviors disrupt social life, reduce work performance, or trigger prolonged emotional stress, both for oneself and those around them.
It's important to seek professional help and consult with a psychologist, mental health specialist, or psychiatrist to conduct a thorough evaluation, confirm a proper diagnosis, and determine an appropriate therapeutic approach. Early intervention not only helps manage symptoms more effectively but also prevents broader impacts on social relationships and overall mental health.
Article written by Aldila Muslimah Pradhanti, M.Psi., Psychologist (Psychologist at EMC Alam Sutera & Tangerang Hospital).