Kidney stones are often considered an adult condition. In fact, they can also occur in children. Although not as common as in adults, kidney stones in children still require attention, as they can cause severe pain and impaired kidney function if not properly treated.
As a parent, understanding the causes, symptoms, and prevention is an important step so that this condition can be recognized and treated quickly.
What Are Kidney Stones in Children?
Kidney stones are solid deposits of minerals and salts that form in the kidneys. These deposits form when certain substances in the urine, such as calcium, oxalate, or uric acid, accumulate and crystallize.
In children, the process of stone formation is the same as in adults, but is influenced by dietary factors, dehydration, and certain medical conditions.
Why Can Children Get Kidney Stones?
There are several factors that can increase a child's risk of developing kidney stones, including:
- Not drinking enough water can make urine more concentrated, thus triggering the formation of crystals in the kidneys.
- An unhealthy diet such as one high in salt and oxalate (chocolate, spinach, and nuts) can increase the risk of kidney stones.
- A family history of kidney stones can increase the chances of a child developing a similar condition.
- Urinary tract infections can trigger the formation of kidney stones in children.
- Taking certain medications can affect the mineral balance in urine and increase the risk of kidney stones.
- Metabolic disorders or genetic abnormalities can make the body more susceptible to forming kidney stones.
What are the symptoms of kidney stones to watch out for?
Symptoms of kidney stones in children can vary depending on the size and location of the stone. Some signs to look for include:
- Pain in the abdomen, waist, or lower back
- Fever (especially if accompanied by infection)
- Pain when urinating
- Bloody or dark urine
- Nausea and vomiting
- The child seems fussy for no apparent reason.
How Do Doctors Diagnose Kidney Stones?
To confirm the diagnosis, the doctor will usually perform the following examinations:
- Urine tests are performed to detect the presence of crystals, blood, or signs of infection in the urine.
- Blood tests are performed to evaluate the levels of minerals such as calcium and uric acid in the body.
- Kidney and urinary tract ultrasound is used as the primary, safe method for detecting stones in children.
- CT scans or X-rays are used if necessary to see small stones or locations that are difficult to detect.
What are the treatments for kidney stones in children?
Treatment for kidney stones in children is based on the size of the stone, its location, and the severity of the symptoms experienced. The following is an explanation:
1. Conservative therapy
In cases of small kidney stones, doctors often recommend conservative treatment. Children will be advised to increase their fluid intake to increase urine production and help the stones pass naturally.
Additionally, pain relievers are used to reduce discomfort as the stone moves through the urinary tract. During this time, the child's condition will be monitored regularly to ensure the stone passes on its own without further intervention.
2. Non-invasive therapy
If the stone doesn't pass or is slightly larger, your doctor may recommend a non-invasive procedure like Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL). This method uses shock waves from outside the body to break the kidney stone into smaller pieces, making it easier to pass through the urine.
This procedure is relatively safe for children as it does not require incisions, although in some cases a light anesthesia may be required to keep the child comfortable during the procedure.
3. Medical action
For large kidney stones or those causing serious obstruction, medical procedures such as Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) are necessary. This procedure is used to break up and remove kidney stones.
Although considered an invasive procedure, PCNL is usually performed if other methods have not been successful and is carried out by medical professionals with special attention to the child's safety and optimal recovery.
What are some tips to prevent kidney stones in children?
Preventing kidney stones in children is the best way to protect kidney health from an early age. Here are some tips:
- Making sure your child drinks enough water every day (around 1,800-1,900 mL) can help prevent the formation of kidney stones.
- Limiting consumption of foods high in salt and oxalate such as chocolate, spinach, and nuts can reduce the risk.
- Adopting a balanced diet helps maintain overall kidney health.
- Encouraging children to be active can help maintain optimal body metabolism.
- Treating urinary tract infections early can prevent complications that lead to kidney stones.
When to See a Doctor?
Parents should immediately take their child to the doctor if they experience symptoms that indicate kidney stones, such as severe pain in the stomach or back area, urine that contains blood or is dark in color, fever, and pain or difficulty urinating.
A health checkup is also important if your child appears restless for no apparent reason or experiences repeated nausea and vomiting. Early treatment by a pediatrician or internist is crucial to prevent more serious complications and ensure the child receives appropriate treatment for their condition.
Article written by Dr. Ajeng Indriastari, Sp.A (Pediatrician at EMC Pekayon Hospital).