Constipation is one of the most common digestive complaints experienced by the elderly. This condition is characterized by decreased bowel movement frequency, hard stools, or a feeling of incomplete emptying after a bowel movement. Although it may seem minor, constipation in the elderly should not be taken lightly.
Aging affects various body systems, including the digestive system. These changes can affect bowel function and slow down stool elimination. If not recognized and treated properly, constipation can lead to complications that impair the health and quality of life of older adults.
Common Causes of Constipation in the Elderly
Constipation in the elderly generally doesn't occur suddenly. This condition is influenced by various physical and habitual changes that occur with age. Understanding the underlying causes is crucial for appropriate treatment and preventing recurrence. Here are some common causes of constipation in the elderly that you should be aware of:
1. Slowing Intestinal Work Due to Aging
The aging process naturally causes a decline in the function of the digestive tract muscles. Intestinal peristalsis, the contractions that propel stool, slows down. As a result, stool remains in the colon longer and becomes harder due to excess water absorption.
2. Decreased Physical Activity
Many older adults experience decreased physical activity due to physical limitations, joint pain, or certain medical conditions. Physical activity plays a crucial role in stimulating bowel movements. Lack of movement can slow down the digestive system and lead to constipation.
3. Changes in Diet and Fluid Intake
Low fiber intake and insufficient fluid intake are common causes of constipation in older adults. Some seniors tend to eat less due to decreased appetite, difficulty chewing, or dietary restrictions. Lack of fiber and fluids can cause stools to become hard and difficult to pass.
4. Decreased Rectal Sensitivity
As people age, the rectum's sensitivity to stool can decrease. This can lead to older adults not feeling the urge to defecate even when stool is already in the rectum, resulting in delayed bowel movements.
5. The habit of holding in bowel movements
Holding in bowel movements, whether due to discomfort, limited mobility, or inadequate toilet access, can worsen constipation. Repeated use weakens the bowel reflex, making constipation even more difficult to manage.
By recognizing the causes early, you can help seniors adopt healthier lifestyles and prevent complications that can affect their quality of life.
The Impact of Untreated Constipation
1. Bloating and Pain
Stool that builds up in the intestines can cause abdominal fullness, bloating, and pain. This condition often causes discomfort and interferes with daily activities in older adults.
2. Hemorrhoids or Anal Fissures
Straining too hard during a bowel movement due to hard stools can trigger hemorrhoids or anal fissures, which are small wounds in the anus. Both conditions can cause pain and bleeding.
3. Decreased Appetite
Chronic constipation can cause seniors to feel full quickly and experience abdominal discomfort, leading to a decreased appetite. If left untreated, this condition can lead to malnutrition.
4. Impaired Quality of Life
Discomfort, pain, and anxiety related to bowel movements can impact the psychological well-being of older adults. Chronic constipation is known to reduce quality of life and independence in older adults.
Steps to Prevent and Treat Constipation in the Elderly
Prevention and early treatment of constipation in the elderly are crucial to prevent recurrence and more serious complications. Here are some steps you can take to help manage constipation in the elderly:
1. Increase Fiber and Fluid Intake
Seniors are encouraged to consume high-fiber foods such as vegetables, fruits, and whole grains. Adequate fiber consumption can help the digestive system work more efficiently and regularly. Additionally, ensure adequate daily fluid intake, especially water, to prevent stools from becoming hard and difficult to pass.
2. Increase Light Physical Activity
Light physical activity such as walking, senior gymnastics, or regular stretching can help stimulate bowel movements. Body movement plays a role in improving the digestive system. Engage in physical activity appropriate to the elderly's abilities and health to ensure safety and comfort.
3. Get used to a bowel movement schedule
Establishing a regular bowel habit can help train the bowel's natural reflexes. The best time is usually after meals, especially in the morning. Try not to delay the urge to defecate, as holding it in can worsen constipation.
4. Medical Consultation If Constipation Recurs
If constipation occurs repeatedly, persists for a long time, or is accompanied by other symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, or bleeding during bowel movements, seek medical advice immediately. A doctor can help determine the cause and provide appropriate treatment for the elderly.
The Importance of Medical Consultation for Elderly Constipation
Constipation in the elderly is common, but that doesn't mean it can be ignored. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent complications and maintain an optimal quality of life.
A doctor can help thoroughly assess the cause of constipation, provide appropriate lifestyle advice, and determine safe therapy if necessary. A medical consultation is appropriate, especially if constipation is recurrent or does not improve with lifestyle changes.
With proper treatment, constipation in the elderly can be controlled so that daily activities remain comfortable and health is maintained.
This article was written by Dr. Lucrezia Renata, Sp.PD (Internist at EMC Cibitung & Pekayon Hospital).