Hair loss is actually normal. However, if hair loss is excessive and leads to baldness, this condition should not be taken lightly. It could be a sign of an underlying condition that requires specialized medical treatment.
One of the serious causes of hair loss is alopecia areata, which is localized baldness and is an autoimmune disease that occurs when the immune system attacks the hair follicles, causing sudden and large amounts of hair to fall out, even to the point of baldness.
Causes of Alopecia Areata
This disease occurs due to an autoimmune condition that causes sudden hair loss, where the hair follicles are unable to produce hair due to constant attacks by the immune system. This causes hair loss and baldness, which can occur gradually or suddenly.
The exact reason the immune system destroys hair follicles is not yet fully understood. However, experts believe this condition is influenced by several interrelated factors, and it can affect both men and women, including:
- Genetic influences, for example a history of autoimmune disease in family members.
- Thyroid disease
- Persiosa anemia
- Down syndrome
- Viral infection.
- Physical or emotional stress.
- Vitiligo
- Hormonal changes.
There are 3 main types of Alopecia Areata:
- Alopecia areata is one or more areas of hair loss on the scalp.
- Alopecia areata totalis is the total loss of hair on the head.
- Alopecia areata universalis, total hair loss all over the body
Symptoms of Alopecia Areata
The following are common symptoms that occur in people with alopecia areata:
- Round bald patches appear.
- Baldness extends over the entire head or body
- Itchy or burning sensation before hair loss.
- Changes in the shape and texture of nails (thin, rough, easily broken nails and white lines).
How to Treat Alopecia Areata
Treatment for alopecia areata aims to slow hair loss, stimulate hair regrowth, and reduce the psychological impact of baldness.
Treatment should be carried out under a doctor's supervision, as each patient may respond differently to therapy. Some commonly used treatment methods include:
1. Minoxidil
Minoxidil is a medication applied to the scalp to stimulate hair growth. It's generally applied directly to balding areas.
To get optimal results, use must be regular and consistent for at least three months.
2. Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids work to reduce the activity of the immune system, which attacks hair follicles. These drugs come in various forms, including:
- Injections are generally given to adults who have small bald areas.
- Creams or topical ointments, more often used for children.
- Tablets, given to patients with severe baldness.
3. Baricitinib
Baricitinib is a JAK inhibitor drug that works by suppressing the activity of the immune system that causes alopecia areata.
This medication is usually prescribed for people with severe hair loss, such as alopecia totalis or universalis. Its use requires strict medical supervision.
4. Diphencyprone (DPCP)
DPCP is used in topical immunotherapy, with the aim of triggering a mild allergic reaction so that the immune system is diverted and no longer attacks the hair follicles.
This medication is applied directly to the bald skin. Its mechanism of action is mild contact dermatitis, such as redness or irritation.
5. Phototherapy or irradiation using UV light can help reduce inflammation and stimulate hair growth.
6. Scalp prosthesis
In addition to medical treatment, psychological support is also important to help sufferers cope with the emotional impact of alopecia areata. Consulting with a psychologist can help manage stress or anxiety and rebuild self-confidence.
Joining a support group can also be a beneficial option, as you can share experiences and support each other with others who are experiencing similar things.
So, when should you consult a doctor?
Alopecia areata cannot be completely prevented, but you can maintain healthy hair and scalp by caring for the roots, avoiding vigorous head scratching, managing stress, and living a healthy lifestyle.
Consult a doctor immediately if you experience unusual hair loss accompanied by symptoms such as bald patches, nail changes, or itching. The doctor will evaluate the patient's condition and prescribe appropriate treatment.
This article was written by Dr. Syahriani, Sp.DVE, M.Kes., FINSDV (Specialist in Dermatology, Venereology, EMC Sentul Hospital).