HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, particularly CD4 cells, which play a crucial role in fighting infection. When the immune system is weakened, the body is susceptible to various diseases.
If HIV is not detected and treated promptly, it can progress to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), the final stage of HIV infection characterized by severe immune system damage and an increased risk of serious infections.
Unfortunately, many people don't realize they're infected with HIV because the first symptoms are often mild and similar to common illnesses. This makes early detection crucial.
What is HIV and how is it different from AIDS?
HIV is a virus that gradually attacks and damages the immune system. Meanwhile, AIDS is a more advanced condition of HIV when the immune system is severely weakened.
HIV is usually transmitted through sexual contact with an HIV-positive person, blood transfusions, the use of unsterile needles, and even mother-to-child transmission through breast milk. HIV begins by attacking CD4 cells, a vital part of the immune system. Over time, the number of CD4 cells decreases, making it harder for the body to fight infections.
According to the latest data from the Indonesian Ministry of Health, the number of HIV cases in Indonesia remains quite high, ranking 14th globally, with new cases increasing annually. This demonstrates the importance of education and public awareness regarding early HIV detection.
Early HIV Symptoms That Are Often Missed
In the early stages (Acute Retroviral Syndrome), symptoms often appear 2–4 weeks after infection, such as:
- Mild and prolonged fever
- Red rash on the body or face
- Muscle and joint pain
- Sore throat or swollen lymph nodes
- Mild but consistent fatigue
Because the symptoms are non-specific, many people assume it is a common cold, fatigue, or a mild infection, and therefore do not seek further examination.
Characteristics of Advanced Stages of HIV that Appear If Not Treated
If not treated immediately, HIV can progress to an advanced stage with more serious symptoms and the appearance of AIDS, such as:
- Sudden weight loss without any clear cause.
- Recurrent infections such as thrush, tuberculosis, or pneumonia.
- Chronic fatigue and decreased stamina.
- Persistent swelling of the lymph nodes.
- Itchy, sore, or patchy skin that is difficult to heal.
At this stage, the immune system is very weak and the body is susceptible to opportunistic infections.
Handling steps if you experience the characteristics of HIV
If you experience suspicious symptoms, here are the steps you need to take:
- Immediately get an HIV test at a trusted health facility.
- Avoid risky behavior that could potentially transmit the virus to others , such as unprotected sexual intercourse or sharing needles.
- Follow the doctor's recommendations for further examination.
- If diagnosed with HIV, patients will be given antiretroviral therapy (ARV) to control the virus.
- Start treatment as early as possible to maintain quality of life and reduce the risk of complications.
When Should You Consult a Doctor?
Consult a doctor immediately if you experience any suspicious symptoms, even if they are mild, or if you have a history of high-risk infections such as unprotected sex, unsecured blood transfusions, or sharing needles.
Further testing is highly recommended to detect the condition early, allowing you to receive a proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment. By consulting a specialist early, you can receive a correct diagnosis and prevent the condition from developing into a more serious condition. Schedule a consultation with an internist immediately to receive an HIV test and receive appropriate treatment early.
The article was written by Dr. Steffie Simpinano Solin, M.Ked(PD), Sp.PD (Internist Specialist at EMC Cibitung Hospital).