Jaundice is often considered a mild condition that commonly occurs in newborns and resolves on its own without special treatment. This leads many people to become less alarmed, especially when similar symptoms appear in older children. In fact, jaundice is not only experienced by infants but can also affect children and adults, and is often a sign of a serious health problem.
If not treated properly, jaundice can lead to various dangerous complications. Therefore, it's important to understand the causes, symptoms, and risks of jaundice so you can take appropriate treatment steps early.
What is Jaundice?
Jaundice, commonly known as jaundice, is a condition often characterized by a yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes. This condition occurs due to an increase or accumulation of bilirubin in the blood.
Bilirubin is a yellow substance produced from the breakdown of damaged red blood cells. Normally, bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through bile in the feces. If bilirubin production is excessive or liver function is impaired, bilirubin builds up, causing a yellowing of the skin and eyes.
Causes of Jaundice
Jaundice is a sign of various other diseases. Some common causes of jaundice include:
- Hepatitis
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viral infections (such as hepatitis A, B, C, D and E), excessive alcohol consumption, autoimmune disorders, or reactions to certain drugs.
- Bile Duct Stones
Bile duct stones form from deposits of substances in bile and can block the bile ducts. This blockage prevents the flow of bile from the liver to the intestines, preventing bilirubin from being excreted properly.
- Liver cirrhosis
Liver cirrhosis is a long-term liver damage condition characterized by scarring. This disease is caused by chronic hepatitis or long-term alcohol use. Cirrhosis leads to decreased liver function, including the processing and elimination of bilirubin.
- Liver or Pancreatic Cancer
Liver and pancreatic cancer can obstruct bile flow by compressing or blocking the bile ducts. This obstruction prevents bilirubin from flowing into the intestines, which eventually builds up in the blood, causing jaundice.
- Drug Side Effects
Some medications can cause liver dysfunction if used long-term or without medical supervision. This can inhibit bilirubin metabolism and cause jaundice as a side effect.
Each cause requires different treatment, therefore a medical examination is necessary.
Symptoms of Jaundice to Watch Out For
In addition to changes in skin and eye color, jaundice is often accompanied by other symptoms that need to be watched out for, including:
- Dark urine
- Pale colored stools
- Itchy skin
- Easily tired and body feels weak
- Nausea and vomiting
These symptoms can appear gradually and indicate a serious disorder in the body's organs.
The Dangers of Jaundice If Left Untreated
If jaundice is left untreated, the risk of serious complications can increase. Bilirubin buildup and ongoing liver damage can lead to:
- Permanent liver damage
- Life-threatening liver failure
- Severe infection due to decreased immunity
- Brain dysfunction or hepatic encephalopathy
- Risk of death in severe cases and late treatment
How to Prevent Jaundice
Jaundice can be prevented by maintaining liver health and adopting a healthy lifestyle, such as:
- Maintain a balanced and nutritious diet.
- Get hepatitis vaccination as recommended.
- Avoid excessive alcohol consumption.
- Be careful when taking medication and always follow the dosage.
- Consult a doctor and have regular health checks.
These preventive measures can help reduce the risk of liver disorders that trigger jaundice.
When Should You See a Doctor Immediately?
Jaundice is not a trivial condition and is often a symptom of a serious disease of the liver, bile ducts, or other organs. If you or someone close to you experiences yellowing of the skin and eyes, accompanied by other symptoms such as weakness, nausea, or changes in urine and stool color, you should consult a doctor immediately.
Early treatment and management are crucial to identify the exact cause of jaundice and prevent dangerous complications. Schedule a consultation with a qualified doctor immediately to maintain liver function and overall health.
The article was written by Dr. Muhammad Yamin Lubis, Sp.PD-KGEH, FINASIM (Internal Medicine Specialist - Consultant Gastro Entero Hepatology EMC Sentul Hospital).