Many people only realize they're at high risk for DVT after it actually occurs, such as after major surgery, during a long trip, or during pregnancy. However, some complaints, such as persistent swelling in the leg or calf pain, are often dismissed as simple fatigue. Without recognizing the risk factors beforehand, a person may be late in realizing they're in a group that needs more vigilance.
In the previous article, we discussed what DVT is and why it's a condition to be aware of. The next question is: who is actually at greater risk? According to Virchow's Triad, DVT risk factors can be grouped into three groups: those that slow blood flow, those that injure blood vessels, and those that make blood clot more easily.
Risk Factors to Watch Out For
- With advancing age, the risk increases with changes in blood vessels and comorbidities.
- Obesity, which increases pressure on blood vessels, is often accompanied by a lack of movement.
- Smoking affects the blood clotting system and the health of the veins.
- Pregnancy and postpartum hormonal changes increase the tendency of blood to clot.
- Cancer, some types of cancer and their treatments increase the risk of clotting.
- A previous history of DVT increases the chance of recurrence.
- Post major surgery especially of the hip, knee, or leg.
- A serious injury that damages the walls of blood vessels.
- Prolonged bed rest due to hospitalization or prolonged illness.
- Long journeys (plane/car) without moving for long periods.
- Heart failure, suboptimal blood circulation increases the risk of venous stasis.
- Varicose veins, dilated veins that tend to slow blood flow.
- Very heavy exercise/athlete, dehydration, training injuries, and certain repetitive movements (baseball, wrestling, swimming) can trigger DVT, including effort thrombosis in the arm.
One Thing That Often Gets Overlooked
Not all DVT sufferers experience typical symptoms; some may even experience no symptoms at all. Therefore, recognizing risk factors is crucial, rather than simply waiting for symptoms to appear.
Prevention in Risk Groups
- Stay active, avoid sitting/lying for too long
- Move your feet regularly during long journeys
- Quit smoking and manage your weight
- Use compression stockings if recommended by your doctor.
- Control comorbidities (heart, cancer, etc.) according to medical advice
If DVT occurs, prompt and appropriate treatment is necessary to prevent serious complications such as pulmonary embolism. Do you have one or more of the risk factors mentioned above? Don't ignore unusual leg swelling or pain. Consult an internist or vascular specialist immediately for accurate information and recommendations tailored to your condition/complaints.
Article written by Dr. Londung Brisman Sitorus, Sp.B(K)V (Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Specialist, EMC Tangerang & Alam Sutera Hospital).