Every March 24th is commemorated as World Tuberculosis Day . It serves as a momentum to raise awareness of tuberculosis (TB), as this disease is a global health problem, including in Indonesia.
Many people think TB only attacks the lungs. In fact, the infection caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria can affect various organs of the body and has several variations depending on the location of the infection, the activity of the bacteria, and the response to treatment.
Understanding the classification of TB types is crucial for proper management and treatment. With early detection, the risk of transmission and serious complications can be significantly reduced.
Types of TB Based on Location of Infection
TB types can be grouped based on the location of the infection, as the affected organ determines the symptoms and treatment. Here's an explanation:
1. Pulmonary TB
Pulmonary TB is the most common type. The infection attacks lung tissue and spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Common symptoms include:
- Coughing for more than 2 weeks
- Coughing up phlegm or blood
- Fever
- Night sweats
- Chest pain
- Hard to breathe
- Decreased appetite
- Weight loss for no apparent reason
2. Extrapulmonary TB
Extrapulmonary TB is a TB infection that occurs in organs other than the lungs. Symptoms vary depending on the organ infected. Some locations that can be affected include:
- Lymph gland
- Bones and joints
- Meningitis (TB meningitis)
- Kidney
- Reproductive organs
Types of TB Based on Bacterial Activity
In addition to the location of infection, TB is also differentiated based on the activity of the bacteria in the body. Read on for more information:
1. Latent TB
In latent TB, the bacteria are present in the body but are inactive. The sufferer experiences no symptoms and is not contagious to others. However, latent TB still requires vigilance because it can progress to active TB, especially in people with weakened immune systems.
2. Active TB
Active TB occurs when the bacteria multiply and cause symptoms. With active TB, people can transmit the disease to others. Active TB treatment must be carried out regularly and completely according to doctor's recommendations to prevent complications and drug resistance.
Types of TB Based on Response to Drugs
The bacteria's response to drugs determines the type of TB and its treatment. Here's a complete explanation:
1. Drug-Sensitive TB
Drug-sensitive TB is a type that can still be treated with first-line anti-tuberculosis (OTT) drugs. With adherence to medication for at least six months, the chance of recovery is very high.
2. Multidrug-Resistant TB (MDR/XDR)
Drug-resistant TB occurs when bacteria are no longer susceptible to standard medications. The following are types of drug-resistant TB:
- MDR-TB (Multidrug-Resistant TB) : resistant to at least two main drugs, namely isoniazid and rifampicin.
- XDR-TB (Extensively Drug-Resistant TB) : resistant to more types of drugs, including second-line drugs.
This condition usually occurs due to incomplete or irregular treatment. Treatment is more complex, takes longer, and requires close supervision.
Why is Early Detection and Treatment So Important?
Early detection and appropriate treatment play a major role in TB control. Here's why:
- Prevent transmission to people around you , especially pulmonary TB which can spread through the air when the sufferer coughs or sneezes, thus risking transmission to family members in the same house.
- Reduces the risk of serious complications because untreated infections can damage the lungs or spread to other organs.
- Prevent the occurrence of drug-resistant TB , which can arise due to irregular or incomplete treatment.
- Increases the chance of a complete recovery, because treatment started early generally provides more optimal results and recovery without long-term complications.
When Should You Consult a Doctor?
Seek immediate medical attention if you experience a cough lasting more than two weeks, persistent fever and night sweats, unexplained weight loss, or prolonged fatigue. You should also be vigilant if you have had close contact with someone with active TB, especially if you live in the same house or frequently interact in close proximity.
To confirm a diagnosis and receive appropriate treatment, consult a pulmonary and respiratory specialist. The doctor will perform further examinations, such as a sputum test, chest X-ray, or other supporting tests, to determine the type of TB and the appropriate treatment.
The article was written by Dr. Herman, Sp.P, FISR (Pulmonary and Respiratory Specialist at EMC Sentul Hospital).