For many couples, pregnancy is a highly anticipated moment after marriage. However, many couples have to wait longer to conceive, even though they have had regular intercourse without using contraception.
Difficulty conceiving isn't always caused by a single factor. Fertility is influenced by various factors, both for the woman and the man. Therefore, understanding the factors that can hinder fertility is crucial for couples trying to conceive.
What is Fertility Disorder?
Infertility is a condition where a couple has not been able to conceive after having regular unprotected intercourse for one year. For women over 35, a fertility evaluation is usually recommended after six months of trying to conceive.
This condition can be caused by various factors that affect the process of ovulation, fertilization, and embryo implantation.
Factors Inhibiting Fertility in Women
1. Ovulation Disorders
Ovulation is the process of releasing an egg from the ovary. If ovulation doesn't occur regularly, the chances of pregnancy can decrease.
Some conditions that can cause ovulation disorders include:
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
- Hormonal disorders
- Thyroid disorders
- Underweight or overweight
2. Endometriosis
Endometriosis occurs when tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus. This condition can cause inflammation, severe menstrual pain, and even interfere with reproductive organ function.
In some women, endometriosis can be a cause of difficulty getting pregnant.
3. Blockage in the Fallopian Tubes
The fallopian tubes play a crucial role as the meeting point for egg and sperm. If a blockage occurs, fertilization can be prevented.
Blockages can be caused by infections, a history of surgery, or certain medical conditions that affect the reproductive organs.
4. Age Factor
Age is one factor that affects female fertility. As women age, the number and quality of eggs decline.
The chances of pregnancy generally begin to decline after the age of 35 and continue to decrease with age.
Factors Inhibiting Fertility in Men
1. Decreased Sperm Quality
Male fertility is greatly influenced by sperm count, shape, and motility. Disruption of any of these factors can reduce the chances of fertilization.
2. Hormonal Disorders
Optimal sperm production requires a healthy hormonal balance. Certain hormonal imbalances can affect both sperm quantity and quality.
3. Varicocele
A varicocele is a dilated vein in the scrotum that can affect sperm production and quality. This condition is a common cause of male infertility.
Lifestyle Factors That Can Affect Fertility
Besides medical conditions, lifestyle also plays an important role in maintaining reproductive health.
Some factors that can affect fertility include:
- Smoke
- Excessive alcohol consumption
- Lack of physical activity
- Obesity
- Lack of sleep
- Prolonged stress
Living a healthy lifestyle can help increase your chances of pregnancy while supporting your overall health.
When Should You Consult a Doctor?
Couples are advised to consult an obstetrician and gynecologist if:
- Not pregnant after one year of regular intercourse without contraception.
- Not pregnant after six months for women over 35 years old.
- Experiencing menstrual or ovulation disorders.
- Have a history of endometriosis or other reproductive diseases.
- Having a history of fertility disorders in both men and women.
Early examination can help identify the cause of difficulty conceiving and determine appropriate treatment.
Consult an Obstetrician and Gynecologist Immediately
A failed pregnancy doesn't always indicate a serious problem, but it should be evaluated if it persists for a period of time. Factors inhibiting fertility can come from the woman, the man, or a combination of both, including lifestyle factors that often go unnoticed.
With proper examination and appropriate treatment, your chances of conceiving can be increased. Therefore, don't hesitate to consult a doctor if you and your partner are experiencing difficulties conceiving.
If you are planning a pregnancy or have questions about fertility, consult your condition with an obstetrician and gynecologist at EMC Alam Sutera Hospital for appropriate evaluation and treatment.
Article written by Dr. Handojo Tjandra, MD., MMed O&G (M'Sia)., Sp.OG (Obstetrics and Gynecology Specialist, EMC Alam Sutera Hospital).